REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 . REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 (Kausalya and Rao, 2015) examined the antimicrobial activities of algae Sargassum polycustum over bacteria. During their study they found chemically active compunds in the Sargassum sp that exhibit strong antibacterial effects than common drugs.

(Southerland et al., 2015) investigated how pH and carbon dioxide impacted the growth and booming of the waste water micro algal biomass. The results indicated that the addition of CO2 increased the photosynthetic rate by 256%. Hence the growth of algal biomass increases with increase of carbon dioxide.

The potential of Chlorella vulgaris as an anti-microbial agent and its prospective use as a dietary food supply were both observed by (Syed et al., 2015). Finding from results point out that Chlorella sp exhibit beneficial organic compounds like tannins, sugar and flavonoids and hinders the growth of Klebsilla sp bacterium.

The consequences of salinity on Chaetomorpha sp, a green alga was studied by (Tsutusi et al., 2015). The analysis found that the Chaetomorpha species is found copiously in Thailand’s stagnant water. The experimental findings showed that high amount of salts and high temperature of water influences the Chaetomorpha sp growth. Hence the conclusion indicates that Chaetomorpha species can strongly inhabit saline stagnant water.

(Umamashesari and Shanthakumar, 2016) was conducted a detailed research on the viability of microalgae for the treatment of wastewater. Algae have the potential to grow in contaminated water, which makes employing them to remove pollutants rapidly and inexpensive. The biomass from algae could be used in the production of biofuels. The focus of study was on how algae are cultivated and the many environmental conditions that affect the growth and development of algae.

The remediation of harmful heavy metals employing algae was studied and assessed by (Bwapwa et al., 2017). The research shows that numerous algal species, including Chlorella and Cladophora are capable of removing significant amounts of heavy metals.

(Wells et al., 2017) emphasized and described the economical and nutritional importance of algae. Globally, there has been research on the nutritional value of algae but there has not been any investigation on any potential negative outcomes from eating algae as a food. The concentration of the current research is on the bioactive compound found in algae and its impact in human metabolism.

(Vajravelo et al., 2017) researched at algae as a bio-indicator to check how different water quality factors influenced the phytoplankton community. In total, 177 species conforming to 5 families have been recognized as a result of the study. Algal species showed tremendous changesin terms of seasonal fluctuation. Water parameters like pH, DO, salinity, temperature and nitrate concentration were strongly affected the abundance of phytoplankton community.

River Naguman was investigated for algal diversity by (Wali et al., 2017). From the samples that were obtained, a total of 36 species which belongs to 16 genera were recognized. With 50% genera, the chlorophyta (green algae) gained prominence, followed by Bacillriophyta with 25%, Xanthophyta with 12.5% and with 6% genera Cyanobacteria were recorded.

(Imtiaz et al., 2018) were identified, a total of 35 algal species representing 20 genera in the Umer Payen district, Peshawer. After being identification it shows that they were belonging from family Bacillariophyceae, Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Xanthophyceae.

(Mursaleen et al., 2018) were assessed Mardan River to know its water quality and algal diversity. Algal sample were obtained from three different sites of Mardan River. A total of 165 algal species were recognized, belongs to six divisions. Charophyta, Cyanobacteria and Diatoms were found to be present abundantly in the Mardan River.

(Messyasz et al., 2018) studied Cladophora glomerata, a freshwater algae for its significant bioactive compounds. According to the result, there was a high concentration oleic acid and palmitic acid and a low concentration of polyphenols and carotenoids, both of which have antioxidant activity.

(Srivastava et al., 2018) investigated different uncharted area of central India and identified 30 freshwater algal species representing 20 genera which belong to three major classes of algae i.e. Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta.

(Chankkaew et al., 2019) studied the diversity of freshwater red algae and its correlation with water quality at Khao Luang National Park, Southern Thailand. Out of the eight stream segments, they were able to identify 16 species of Division Rhodophyta, consisting of 8 genera, with Thorea clavata being the most prevalent of these.

The physicochemical properties of water in the Shah Alam River and its consequences on algal diversity are assessed by (Khuram et al., 2019). From the collected sample, 56 distinct species of Chlorophyta and Charophyata were documented. Low to moderate quantities of organic pollutants were present in the river water, along with low salinity and high pH.

The diversity of freshwater algae at different area of district Chitral were explored by (Naeem et al., 2019). In total, 52 species of algae from 15 genera were obtained. Following the identification process, it was discovered that with 12 species Muogeeotia were dominant genus. Spirogyra, which has 8 species, is the second most prevalent genus, followed by Zygnema genus. Ophiocytium, Cosmrium, Microspora, and other genera had between one and two species.

(Agha et al., 2020) studied the algae, soil fertility, and physicochemical properties ingricultural fields of Baluchistan, Pakistan. This study was carried out in regarding the impactof algal growth on soil physicochemical characteristics in the Baluchistan’s fruit farm. A total of 109 species from 54 genera were separated and identified from 10 different crop field. Blue green algae with highest number of species were the dominant algae while the green algae have minimum number of species. Diatoms were the second most dominant after the blue green algae.

Variation and distribution of freshwater algae (Chlorophyta) of district Mardan were studied by (Ullah et al., 2020). In this study, a grand total of 55 species from 15 different genera were recorded. Spirogyra genus with 17 species were the most prevalent genus.

 (Ajarem et al., 2021) was utilized for the first time Red algae extract for the synthesis Co₃O₄ nano particles and studied their applications as cytotoxicity, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-coagulant and anti-bacterial properties. The results showed that bio inspired Co₃O_­4NPs exhibit encouraging effects against HepG2 cancer cells. In fact, when these nano particles added to human blood samples under practical condition then Co₃O_­4 NPs show anti-coagulant and thrombolytic affects.

(Hussain et al., 2021) were examined the Arsenic speciation and biotransformation mechanisms in the aquatic system. The importance of algae. The current study highlighted the fascinating function that algae play in the biotransformation of arsenic in water bodies under environmental condition, as well as their significance in the bioremediation of Arsenic contaminated water. The new work offers a valuable and updated framework to incorporate algae in worldwide as in remediation programs.

(Maliki et al., 2022) reviewed and highlighted the essential requirements needed for large scale manufacturing as well as traditional and latest innovations in algal lectin extraction techniques over the last ten years.