MATERIALS AND METHODS



 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Points of collection

Freshwater Algal diversity in relation to ecological aspects of water of River Indus were explored from District D.I.Khan 3 different tehsils: D.I.Khan, Paroa and Paharpur.

Collection

          Algal specimen were collected during winter and spring in 2022-2023. On average 15 algal samples were taken from each study point in each season. Algal specimens were collected by using different ways depending on different types of algae. Colonial algae were picked simply by hands. Filamentous algae were obtained by forceps from stones, sediments and plants. Diatoms which were on the surface of stone obtained by rubbing the toothbrush against the stone. For detailed analysis the samples were brought to Phycology laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Peshawar.

Preservation

       The algal specimens were preserved in 5% formalin with 95% water in the glass bottle (Wali et al., 2017).

3.4 Observation

On average 5 slides were prepared from each sample bottle and were analyzed for the taxonomic characters of the algae in the Phycology Lab, Department of Botany, University of Peshawar. Specimens were observed under the compound microscope (LABOMED, Model iVu3100). The slides were consequently observed under 5x, 10x, 40x and 100x lens power of microscope and photographed with cell phone.

5 Identification

Algal specimens were identified for taxonomic character according to standard book and literature of Presscot (1962); Bellinger and Sigee (2015).

3.6 Water quality analysis

Water samples were taken from the three study areas D.I. Khan, Paroa and Paharpur. The bottle were sterilized from germs so it may not affect the water quality and were brought to the laboratory as soon as possible.

Terperature, pH, Electrical conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids and Dissolved oxygen were determined with HANNA HI98194 Water quality parameter.

  Taxanomic description of algal groups

Chroococcus disperus (Keissler) Lammermann 1904:104

Cells are sphere-shaped, pale blue green colour and 4.1-4.7 in diameter. Cells were in small colonies form with a mucous sheath of 2 to 15 cells.                                 

Cylindrospermum Kuetzing 1843

Cylinderospermum is a genus of Nostocaceae family. Straight, curved or loosely entangled filaments, surrounded by a soft film of mucilage. Heterocysts are ellipsoid or ovate, present one at both end of the trichome or at one end only. Cylindrical cells or barrel-shaped cells and cross walls are constricted. Gonidia is ellipsoid, ovate or sub-cylinderic, adjoining the heterocyst, solitary or several in a series with smooth, punctate, inclosed by a thick and close cover or sheath.

Merismopedia glauca (Ehrenb.) Naegeli 1849:55

Cells are hemispherical, arranged in form of quadrangular colonies of 16-60 ovate cells. Diameter of cell is 3-7 um while width of 30- celled colony is 30 um. Color is light blue-green and cells have homogeneous contents.

Merismopedia punctate Meyen 1839

Cells are ovate, a rectangular plate having 32-128 cells, habitually slackly arranged or sometime in dense groups of 4-8 individuals, gelatinous envelope present that separated the groups. Diameter of cells are 2.5-4 u, bluish green in colour and cells have homogeneous contents.

Oscillatoria brevis Kutzing ex Gomont 1892:229

Trichomes are long and erect, having plentiful cells, mucilaginous cover is absent, both ends are taper, cell length is short about 1-3 um length and 4-6 um in girth, granules present along septum. Bluish green in color found mostly in freshwater.

Oscillatoria formosa Bory 1827: 474

Cells are stout formed dark bluish green filament, lined and a little rounded at end and no distinctive head at top or end. Cell size varies from 3-6 um girth and 2-5 um extend, transverse walls are not granular nor constricted.

Oscillatoria grunowiana Gomont var. articulate 1090:94

Cells length is 0.3-0.5 um while the cells diameter is 2.8-3.2 um. Trichomes can exist alone or in the shape of joined clusters, end are not tapered, non-constricted walls, straight or slightly bent. Thick cell wall but membranes are not thick.

Oscillatoria limnetica lemmermann 1900, Ber. D. Deutsch.

Solitary, straight or flexuouse trichomes, at apex untapered, roughly rounded apical cell. Size of cells are 1.5-1.8 u in diameter and length is 3-4 times longer than the diameter. Cross walls are unconstructed, which are narrowly visible.

Oscillatoria princeps Vaucher 1803: 190

Either solitary or loosely interwoven, resulting in small floating masses. Slightly tapered filaments towards the tip. Smooth and curled outer membrane. No different head are seen in terminal cell. Cell length is 4-8.7 µm and diameter is 32-55 µm, granulated cytoplasm, friendly to benthic vegetation, mostly in lakes and ponds.


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