INFLUENCE OF WATER PARAMETERS ON ALGAL GROWTH





 INFLUENCE OF WATER PARAMETERS ON ALGAL GROWTH

 The amount of pollutants that are released into water bodies as a result of domestic and industrial sewage and agricultural run-off has greatly increased and it has not just severely impact on water’s parameter but also on the aquatic communities (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2021). The strong reaction of algae to the physico-chemical parameter of water gives best knowledge about the condition of water bodies, so the study regarding to algae composition and diversity is very important (Dong et al., 2016). 

 Total dissolved solids (TDS), are found in water naturally or due to discharge of industrial wastewater. TDS include ions, minerals and inorganic salts and dissolved organic matter that can be beneficial or harmful organic and toxic metal pollutions (Miranda et al., 2015). The growth rate of family Baccilariophyceae and Euglenophyceae members increased in highly organic pollutants water (Das et al., 2018).

The presence of higher amount of TDS (ions, inorganic salts) also increases the salinity and electrical conductivity in water bodies which in turn has great impact on Algal diversity (Haris et al., 2022)

Temperature is also another abiotic factor that affects the aquatic communities. Different species of algae required different optimum temperature for maximal growth rate under adequate nutrition and light intensity. The optimum temperature for fresh water algal growth range 200 C to 300 C (Singh et al., 2015).

Algal growth and diversity also influenced by the change in pH. Different algal specie thrive best at different pH levels. Green algae and green blue algae show best growth at low pH (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2021). The optimal pH for algal growth in freshwater is 7.5-8 (Wang et al., 2019).

In Pakistan, the impacts of water quality on algal diversity has been acknowledged from Naguman river,  (Wali et al., 2017), from River Kabul by (Barinova et al., 2016), from River Shah Alam by (Khurram et al., 2014 and 2019), from Hadera River, Isreal by (Barinova et al., 2010), from River Assiut, Egypt by (Adam et al., 2017) from Wular Lake, Kashmir by (Ganai &Parveen, 2014) from Panjkora river, by (Shuaib et al., 2017), from Landikotal (Khan et al., 2017) and from River Sawan by (Arshad et al., 2017).

Earlier, no research work had been conducted to examine the effects of water quality on algal diversity and the diversity of phytoplankton in different seasons of the River Indus of D.I.Khan. So as to evaluate the effects of water physicochemical factors and the impact of seasonal fluctuations on algal growth or distribution, 3 chief locations of the River Indus were chosen.

District Dera Ismail Khan





 Dera Ismail Khan also termed as D. I. Khan, is an important city of Pakistan’s province of Kyber Pakhtunkhwa. D. I. Khan is in a unique location geographically because it borders the District Tank to the northwest, South Waziristan tribal area to the west, and the Punjab province in the east. In North, it borders with districts of Laki Marwat and Bannu, and in South, the province of Balochistan (Raza et al., 2016). Dera Ismail Khan is positioned between latitudes 31° 15′ and 32° 32′ north and longitudes 70° 11′ and 71° 20′ east (Qadir et al., 2016).

The total area of the district is 9,334 sq. kms and population 1,695,688. There are six tehsil of Dera Ismail Khan: Tehsil Kulachi, Dera Ismail Khan, Paroa, Daraban, Paharpur and Darazinda.

 Nearly 72.50 percent of the district's inhabitants speak Saraiki as their prime language; Pashto is the language of 22.02 percent of the population; and Urdu, Balochi, and Sindhi languages are spoken by 4.3 percent of the district's total population. (Abidin et al., 2021). The town of D.I.Khan is present just on western bank of River Indus.

Parveen, 2014) from Panjkora river, by (Shuaib et al., 2017), from Landikotal (Khan et al., 2017) and from River Sawan by (Arshad et al., 2017).

Earlier, no research work had been conducted to examine the effects of water quality on algal diversity and the diversity of phytoplankton in different seasons of the River Indus of D.I.Khan. So as to evaluate the effects of water physicochemical factors and the impact of seasonal fluctuations on algal growth or distribution, 3 chief locations of the River Indus were chosen.


HISTORY

The historical Derajat region, where D. I. Khan is situated, was first developed in the 1500s (15th century) when Shah Husayn, of the Langah Sultanate of Multan allowed Baloch people to colonize the region. The Baloch rulers who actually descended from Ismail Khan, governed the Dera Ismail Khan for over nine lineages. In 1750, Ahmad Shah Durrani captured the city and deposed the final ruler, Nusrat Khan. Shahzada Kamran Durrani granted the city to Nawab Muhammad Khan Sadozai in 1794. In 1836, shortly before Rangit Singh passed away, the Sikhs took control of the region and named their own governor. In 1846-47, Sir Herbert Edward was the first British officer to explore the area. In 1849, the British seized the district as the part of the Punjab after the 2nd Sikhs war. It remained as a part of Punjab until 1901, the newprovince NWFP was created. The district gets its name from a Baloch chief Ismail Khan. The word “Dera” means a camp or place where people gather for activities (Tolbort et al., 2010).

Topography

D I Khan terrain is divided into both plain areas and hilly areas. In west famous Takht-e-Suleiman, the highest peak of Suleiman Range, is close to the Darazinda village in D I Khan having altitude 11,440 ft. above the sea level. The Khaisore Range, also known as Ratta Koh or Koh e Surkh, which translates to "the red mountain," is found in the district's northeastern region.The Sheikh Badin Hills, which is 1400 m above the sea level and is located in north of the district D.I. Khan.

Climate



D.I. Khan is situated 173 metres above sea level. It has arid to semi-arid climate with average annual rainfall of 180-200 mm (Marwat et al., 2013). It is hot and dry during summer. The mean minimum and maximum temperature are recorded at 26 °C and 47°C respectively, in June, the hottest month and December through February are the coldest months. The average high and low temperature in January are about 20 °C and 4 °C respectively.

Rainfall occurs primarily during the monsoon season in July and August as well as in the late winter and early spring months of February to April. (Nisa et al., 2021).

    Flora and Fuana

    The flora of district D I Khan is mostly xerophytic due to hot and dry climate. The most common and well-known plants species are Acacia modesta, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Calotropis procera, Morus alba, Dalbergia sisso, Phoenix dactylifera and Zizyphus mauritiana.The Fuana includes Leopards gecko, Jackal, Lizard, Snake, Horse, Donkey, Baffulos. Common birds are house Crow, common Myna, Dove, Black kite, Mallard, Chukor partridge, common Quail.

Tehsil Paharpur

Paharpur is a tehsil of District Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It has 1,657 km2 area. Its geographical coordinates are 320   6’8 N, 700 58’12 E. It has 173m (570 ft.) an altitude. According to 2017 census report Paharpur has 381,086 population. Paharpur’s flora is abundant in variety of wild species in both summer and the winter. 

 Tehsil Paroa    

 Paroa tehsil is present in the district of Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It has 1,733 km2 area. Its geographical coordinates are 310 33’25 N 700 45’35 E. It has a height of 154m (508 ft.) above the sea level. The population of Paroa is 292,466 according to 2017 census. 

province NWFP was created. The district gets its name from a Baloch chief Ismail Khan. The word “Dera” means a camp or place where people gather for activities (Tolbort et al., 2010).

Tehsil D.I.Khan

D.I.Khan is also one of tehsil of district Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It has 1,167 km2 area. The geographical coordinates are 310 84’74 N, 700 71’68 E. It has 165m (541 ft.) altitude. D.I.Khan has 725,449 population according to 2017 census.

Historical Monument   

1.     Rahman Deri

2.     Bilot fort

3.     Gurudwara

4.     Sulaiman Peak

5.     Chaughallah

6.     Sheikh Badin Hills

7.     Laghari Gate

8.     Fawara Chowk

River Indus

Indus is considered to be one of the largest trans boundary (shared by two or more countries) basins, which encompasses 1.1 x 106 km2 and shares borders with its neighbors; 56 % with Pakistan, 26.6% with India, 10.7% with China, and 6.7% with Afghanistan, respectively (Abbas et al., 2022).

The Indus River approximately 3180 km long, is one of the biggest rivers of the world. At 5,500 m high mean sea level, it comes from the Tibetan Plateau north of Lake Mansarovar. It meanders through Pakistan, it falls into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi (Khattak et al., 2011). The Indus has an estimated drainage area of more than 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq. mi). In terms of average annual flow, it counts among the world’s top 21 biggest rivers (Zakaria et al., 2018).

River Indus enters through district Mianwali, Punjab into district D.I.Khan, Khyber Pathunkhwa. It start from Bilot Sharif and ends at near the Multan road of district D.I.Khan. Itruns along 100 km in district D.I.Khan and touches its three tehsils Paharpur, D.I.Khan and Paroa.

 

Aim and Objectives

The current study will have the following objectives,

  1.         To compile the algal flora of River Indus (D. I. Khan) during winter and spring
  2.        To determine the physicochemical features of water in the River Indus (D. I. Khan)
  3. To contrast the water physicochemical characteristics with a diversity of algae in the study area. 


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Phonetic transcription

Image
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION: A linguistic method known as phonetic transcription uses a set of written symbols to represent the sounds of spoken language.Phonetic transcription strives for accuracy in capturing the actual sounds made when words are uttered, in contrast to standard spelling, which sometimes misses pronunciation subtlety. In this system, symbols are assigned to individual speech sounds, known as phonemes. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is the most widely used set of symbols for phonetic transcription, offering a standardized and comprehensive way to represent the diverse array of sounds found in human languages. Listening intently to spoken words and dissecting them into their individual phonetic components are essential steps in the transcribing process.s. For example, the word “phone” might be transcribed as /foʊn/, with each symbol corresponding to a specific sound.The square brackets or slashes around the transcription distinguish it from regular spelling, sign...
Read more

ANGLO-SAXON PERIODS

Image
ANGLO-SAXON PERIODS:  The Anglo-Saxon period, lasting from roughly the 5th to the 11th century in what is now England, marks a crucial era in English history and literature. It encompasses the migration of Germanic tribes to Britain and the subsequent establishment of various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. This period’s literature primarily includes epic poems like “Beowulf,” which celebrates heroism and valor. It’s a time of oral tradition, with these stories passed down through generations before being recorded in Old English. GEOFFREY  CHAUCER:  Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343-1400) was an English poet, writer, and civil servant during the Middle Ages. He is best known for his influential work, “The Canterbury Tales,” a collection of stories written in Middle English. Chaucer is often referred to as the “Father of English Literature” because his works played a crucial role in developing the English language into a literary medium.  Key points about Geoffrey Chaucer:  “The C...
Read more

PHYSICAL ADAPTATION SOURCE

Image
PHYSICAL ADAPTATION SOURCE  Instead of looking at types of sounds as the source of human speech, we can look at the types of physical features humans possess, especially those that are distinct from other creatures, which may have been able to support speech production. We can start with the observation that, at some early stage, our ancestors made a very significant transition to an upright posture, with bipedal (on two feet) locomotion, and a revised role for the front limbs.Some effects of this type of change can be seen in physical differences between the skull of a gorilla and that of a Neanderthal man from around 60,000 years ago. The reconstructed vocal tract of a Neanderthal suggests that some consonant-like sound distinctions would have been possible. We have to wait until about 35,000 years ago for features in reconstructions of fossilized skeletal structures that begin to resemble those of modern humans. In the study of evolutionary development, there are certain ph...
Read more